Longman Basic English Grammar.(2nd Ed)

Contents

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ... x

Chapter 1 USING BEAND HAVE. . . . . . . . . . :

• NOUN + IS + NOUN: SINGULAR 2
• NOUN +ARE + NOUN: PLURAL ...4.
• PRONOUN + BE + NOUN ...........6
• CONTRACTIONS WITH BE ........... 7
• NEGATIVE WITH BE . 8
• BE + ADJECTIVE
• BE + A LOCATION ......1...6
• SUMMARY: SENTENCE PATTERNS WITH BE . 20
• YESNO QUESTIONS WITH BE .... . .....2
• QUESTIONS WITH BE: USING WHERE. ..........2..4..
• USING HAVE AND HAS ..2..6.
• USING MY, YOUR, HIS, HER, OUR, THEIR ...... 27
• USING THIS AND THAT .... 30
• USING THESE AND THOSE. ......3..1
• ASKING QUESTIONS WITH WHATAND WHO +BE. ........ .....3.. 2

Chapter 2 EXPRESSING PRESENT TIME (PART I )

• FORM AND BASIC MEANING OF THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE ...4. 4
• USING FREQUENCY ADVERBS: ALWAYS. USUALLY. OFTEN. SOMETIMES. SEL.DOM. R.4REL.Y. N E W . ......4..6
• USING FREQUENCY ADVERBS WITH BE .......4..7
• PRONUNCIATION OF FINAL -S: /Z/ AND /S/ ....4.9
• SPELLING AND PRONUNCIATION OF FINAL -ES ....... . ...5 1
• ADDING FINAL -S/-ES TO WORDS THAT END IN -Y .......... . 1
• IRREGULAR SINGULAR VERBS: HAS, DOES, GOES ...5. 2
• SUMMARY: SPELLING AND PRONUNCIATION OF -SAND -ES ......5. 4
• THE SIMPLE PRESENT . NEGATIVE ...... 57
• THE SIMPLE PRESENT: YESNO QUESTIONS .. 6 I
• THE SIMPLE PRESENT: ASKING INFORMATION QUESTIONS
• WITH WHERE. .......6..4
• THE SIMPLE PRESENT: ASKING INFORMATION QUESTIONS
• WITH WHEN AND WHAT TIME ...........6..6
• SUMMARY: INFORMATION QUESTIONS WITH BE AND DO 6 7
• USING lTTO TALK ABOUT TIME .......7..2
• PREPOSITIONS OF TIME ..7.3
• USING ITTO TALK ABOUT THE WEATHER ...7..4

Chapter 3 EXPRESSING PRESENT TIME (PART 2)

• BE + JNG: THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE TENSE .......8 4
• SPELLING OF -ZNG
• THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE. QUESTIONS. ....8..9
• THE SIMPLE PRESENT vs . THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE ...... 92
• NONACTION VERBS NOT USED IN THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE .9 5
• SEE, LOOKAT, WATCH, HEAR, AND LISTEN TO .....9..7
• NEED AND WANT + A NOUN OR AN .....9..8
• WOULD LIKE .1..0..0
• WOULDLIKEvs. LJKE .....1 01
• THINK ABOUT AND THINK THAT. ....1..0. 2
• THERE + BE ..........1. 06
• THERE + B E YESNO QUESTIONS ..... i ...........1. 07
• THERE + B E ASKING QUESTIONS WITH HOWMANY .......1.0 9
• PREPOSITIONS OF LOCATION. ... ..... ....1...1

Chapter 4 NOUNS AND PRONOUNS

• NOUNS: SUBJECTS AND OBJECTS .....1..2..7
• ADJECTIVE + NOUN .......1..2. 9
• SUBJECT PRONOUNS AND OBJECT PRONOUNS ...... 131
• NOUNS: SINGULAR AND PLURAL ....... 134
• NOUNS: IRREGULAR PLURAL FORMS .........1..3..9.
• NOUNS: COUNT AND NONCOUNT ...1..4..1
• USINGANvs .A ........... ...1..4..3
• USING A/AN vs . SOME ....1.. 4 4
• MEASUREMENTS WITH NONCOUNT NOUNS ........1..5.0
• USING THE. ........1..5.6.
• USING 0 (NO ARTICLE) TO MAKE GENERALIZATIONS ...1..6 0
• USING SOME AND ANY .1. 6 1
• INDEFINITE PRONOUNS: SOMETHING, SOMEONE,
• ANYTHING, ANYONE ..... 163
• INDEFINITE PRONOUNS: NOTHING AND NO ONE 164

Chapter 5 EXPRESSING PAST TIME .v. ..

• USING BE: PAST TIME ... ....... 171
• PAST OF BE: NEGATIVE . 172
• PAST OF BE: QUESTIONS ......1..7.3
• THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE: USING -ED ..... . ..1. 77
• PAST TIME WORDS: YESTERDAY, LAST, AND AGO ......... 178
• PRONUNCIATION OF -ED: It/, Id/, AND ladl .....1 80
• SPELLING OF -ED VERBS ......... .......... 183
• SPELLING OF -ED AND -ING: TWO-SYLLABLE VERBS .......1 86
• THE SIMPLE PAST: IRREGULAR VERBS ........ ... ........... 190
• THE SIMPLE PAST: NEGATIVE .. ........1 92
• THE SIMPLE PAST: YES/NO QUESTIONS ..... 9
• MORE IRREGULAR VERBS 198
  
• THE SIMPLE PAST: USING WHERE, WHEN, WHAT TIME,AND WHY


• QUESTIONS WITH WHAT ......... .... ...........2..0..6.


• QUESTIONS WITH WHO .........2..0 9


• ASKING ABOUT THE MEANING OF A WORD ........... 212


• MORE IRREGULAR VERBS .... .. .........2..1..3


• BEFORE AND AFTER IN TIME CLAUSES ...... 216


• WHEN IN TIME CLAUSES .... ... .......2.1..9.

Chapter 6

• USING BE: PAST TIME ... ....... 171
• PAST OF BE: NEGATIVE . 172
• PAST OF BE: QUESTIONS ......1..7.3
• THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE: USING -ED ..... . ..1. 77
• PAST TIME WORDS: YESTERDAY, LAST, AND AGO ......... 178
• PRONUNCIATION OF -ED: It/, Id/, AND ladl .....1 80
• SPELLING OF -ED VERBS ......... .......... 183
• SPELLING OF -ED AND -ING: TWO-SYLLABLE VERBS .......1 86
• THE SIMPLE PAST: IRREGULAR VERBS ........ ... ........... 190
• THE SIMPLE PAST: NEGATIVE .. ........1 92
• THE SIMPLE PAST: YES/NO QUESTIONS ..... 9
• MORE IRREGULAR VERBS 198
• THE SIMPLE PAST: USING WHERE, WHEN, WHAT TIME,
• AND WHY . ........ ...2.0..3..
• QUESTIONS WITH WHAT ......... .... ...........2..0..6.
• QUESTIONS WITH WHO .........2..0 9
• ASKING ABOUT THE MEANING OF A WORD ........... 212
• MORE IRREGULAR VERBS .... .. .........2..1..3
• BEFORE AND AFTER IN TIME CLAUSES ...... 216
• WHEN IN TIME CLAUSES .... ... .......2.1..9.
• EXPRESSING FUTURE TlME
• FUTURE TIME: USING BE GOING TO. ....:... ... :.L ...L . 2.3. 1
• WORDS USED FOR PAST TIME AND FUTURE TIME ..........2..3. 5
• USING A COUPLE OF OR A FEW WITH AGO (PAST) AND LV (EUTURE) ....... 238
• USING TODAY, TONIGHT, AND THIS + MORNING,
• AFTERNOON, EVENING, WEEK, MONTH, YEAR ...2.3..9
• FUTURE TIME: USING WILL. ....2. 42
• ASKING QUESTIONS WITH WIU. ......2..4. 3
• VERB SUMMARY: PRESENT, PAST, AND FUTURE ........... ....2..4 5
• VERB SUMMARY: FORMS OF BE ......2..4..6
• USING WHAT + A FORM OF DO ....... .. .........2..5. 1
• MAYIMIGHTvs . WILL ....2.5..3
• MAYBE (ONE WORD) vs . MAYBE (TWO WORDS) . ....2. 55
• FUTURE TIME CLAUSES WITH BEFORE, AFTER, AND WHEN ....2. 58
• CLAUSES WITH IF .........2..6. 0
• EXPRESSING HABITUAL PRESENT WITH TIME CLAUSES AND
• IF-CLAUSES .....2..6.3.. ....
• MORE IRREGULAR VERBS ......2..6.6.. .
• MORE IRREGULAR VERBS ....... ... ...2..7..0

Chapter 7 EXPRESSING ABILITY

• USING CAN ..2. 81
• USING CAN: QUESTIONS 2. 82
• USING KNOWHOW TO ....2. 84
• USING COULD: PAST OF CAN ....2. 85
• USING VERY AND TOO + ADJECTIVE . 287
• USING TOO MANY AND TOO MUCH + NOUN ........... 290
• USING TOO + ADJECTIVE + INKNITIW ......2..9. 3
• USING TOO + ADJECTIVE + FOR (SOMEONE) + INFINITIVE ......... 294
• USING ADJECTIVE + ENOUGH ... 295
• USING ENOUGH + NOUN AND MORE + NOUN ......... 297
• USING ENOUGH + INFINITIVE ... 299
• USING BERBLB TO ..........3. 01
• POLITE QUESTIONS: MAYI. COULD I. AND CANI. ...3 02
• POLITE QUESTIONS: COULD YOU AND WOULD YOU ........, 304
• IMPERATIVE SENTENCES ...........3. 07
• USING TWO. TOO. AND TO ........3. 10
• MORE ABOUT PREPOSITIONS: AT AND IN FOR LOCATIONS ........3 11
• MORE IRREGULAR VERBS 321

Chapter 8 NOUNS . ADJECTIVES AND PRONOUNS . . ... > ., I - 1

• MODIFYING NOUNS WITH ADJECTIVES AND NOUNS . 325
• WORD ORDER OF ADJECTIVES ....3..2.9.
• EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY: ALL OF. MOST OF. SOME OF .3.3 4
• EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY: SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT ... 336
• EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTJ3Y ONE OF. NONE OF ......3..3.7
• USING EVERY ...........3..4..1
• POSSESSIVE NOUNS ...........3.4..3..
• POSSESSIVE: IRREGULAR PLURAL NOUNS ......3..4..5
• POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS: MINE, YOURS. HIS. HERS,OURS, THEIRS ....... ... .......3..4..7
• QUESTIONS WITH WHOS6 ...........3..5..1
• SUMMARY: USES OF THE APOSTROPHE ...........3..5.2..
• SUMMARY: USES OF NOUNS .........3..5.5.
• CONNECTED NOUNS: NOUN +AND/OR+ NOUN ......3..5..7
• SUMMARY: USES OF ADJECTIVES ...........3..6..0
• SUMMARY.. PERSONAL PRONOUNS .........3..6. 3
• INDIRECT OBJECTS 3..6..4.
• INDIRECT OBJECTS: USING FOR. ..........3.6..7.. .
• INDIRECT OBJECTS W m B UY,G ET, MAKE .... . ...........3 69
• INDIRECT OBJECTS WITH EXFLAlN AND INTRODUCE .........3. 70
• MORE IRREGULAR VERBS 3..7..5.

Chapter 9 MAKING COMPARISONS

• COMPARISONS: USING THE SAME (AS). SIMILAR (TO).AND DIFFERENT (PROM). .....3 79
• COMPARISONS: USING LIKE AND ALIKE 3. 82
• THE COMPARATIVE: USING -ER AND MORE . 3 83
• USING AS ... AS; USING LESS ....... 389
• USING BUT ....3..9..3
• USING VERBS AFTER BUT ... 395
• THE SUPERLATNE: USING -ESTAND MOST .....3. 98
• USING ONE OF + SUPERLATIVE + PLURAL NOUN ........ 405
• ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS ..4 11
• MAKING COMPARISONS WITH ADVERBS ..........4 14
• USING AS ...A S WITH ADVERBS ...4. 16

Chapter 10 EXPRESSING IDEAS WITH VERBS

• USING SHOULD ..........4..2 0
• USING LET'S ..4..2 3
• USING HAVE + INFINITIVE (HAS TOIHAVE TO) ... 424
• USING MUST ...4..2 7
• MODAL AUXILIARIES 430
• SUMMARY CHART: MODAL AUXILIARIES AND
• SIMILAR EXPRESSIONS ......... 431
• THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE AND THE PAST PROGRESSIVE . 434
• USING WHILE WITH THE PAST PROGRESSIVE .. 438
• WHILE vs . WHEN IN PAST TIME CLAUSES 4 38
• SIMPLE PAST vs . PAST PROGRESSIVE ........4. 0
• USING HAVE BEEN (THE PRESENT PERFECT) ...4 4
• USING SINCE-CLAUSES ........4. 46
• FORM OF THE PRESENT PERFECT 4. 48
• USING NEVBR WITH THE PRESENT PERFECT ...4 49
• PRESENT PERFECT: QUESTIONS AND NEGATIVES ....... 450
• USING EVBR WITH THE PRESENT PERFECT .....4. 51
• THE PRESENT PERFECT: QUESTIONS WITH HOW LONG ........ 453
• PAST PARTICIPLES OF COMMON IRREGULAR VERBS ..4 55

Appendix 1 THE ENGUSH ALPHABET .......... AI

Appendix 2 NUMBERS .......... ~2

Appendlx 3 DAYS OF THE WEEK AND MONTHS OF THE YEAR .. A3

Appendlx 4 WAYS OF SAYING ME TIME ... A4

Appendix 5 IRREGULAR VERBS ....... AS

INDEX ......I. NDEX 1

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